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}{\fldrslt }}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 Crime does pay!
\par How security technology, architecture and town planning are powered by crime.
\par 
\par Michael Zinganel
\par 
\par Although crime rarely enters most of our living rooms through door and window nowadays, but primarily via the television, the demand for security technology se
ems insatiable. Moreover, one cannot quite rid oneself of the impression that the function of security technology is not so much to keep the potential intruder out, as to assure the owner that there is indeed something worth protecting in the safeguarded 
interior. One could even say that the gadgets of the security industry merely announce the presence of valuables in the home to those who are being locked out; that it is more often about symbolic security \endash  or about status symbols \endash 
 that at most testify to the fact that one can afford these gadgets. That our society also needs real acts of crime, however, and that it knows all too well how to put them to good use, is something Karl Marx pointed out a long time ago.
\par 
\par \lquote \ldblquote Crime does not pay!\rdblquote  Not so!\rquote , wrote Marx. Crime pays very well indeed \endash  not always for the \lquote criminal\rquote  or his unfortunate victi}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 m, but certainly for 
\lquote society\rquote .}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818  Because according to Marx, the criminal not only produces the crime itself, but also the preventive measures }{\i\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 against}{
\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818  crime. In other words, the criminal produces the police, the penal code, the judicial system and the prison, as well as all the forms by which criminality is proclaimed, whether it be in the \lquote 
fine arts\rquote , in scholarly publications or in the mass media.}{\lang2057\langfe1031\super\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 1}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 
\par \lquote Crime and transgression\rquote  of whatever kind presuppose a system of rules that can be \lquote broken\rquote 
, as well as an authority that frames and maintains those rules. This calls for publicly executed punitive measures, social and spatial structures relating to law enforcement and punish
ment, penal institutions, and the accompanying media coverage. On the other hand, every set of rules requires occasional transgression, for only in this way can normative boundaries be drawn around the deviant and, }{
\cf6\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 by extension}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 , our own normality be defined.  
\par By this means, the impermissible deviation is rendered recognizable and liable to criminalization and }{\b\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 (therefore)}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818  }{
\cf6\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 it also has}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818  a disciplinary effect. Through the ceaseless reportage of deviation, prosecution and punishment \endash  once upon a time passed do
wn orally, nowadays by the mass media \endash 
 the criminal aids prevention and deterrence and thereby unintentionally the stabilization and regulation of the prevailing morality and economic power relations. This production of anxiety not only serves the general
 interest, but also specific interested parties.
\par The anxiety generated by real or imagined crime is not only portrayed in numerous aesthetic forms of expression, like crime novels and cop movies, which serve the psychological processing of crime. It is als
o enshrined in countless preventive structural, architectural and town-planning measures. 
\par In this way, suppositional crime opens up a sizeable market, and contributes more (according to Marx) to national income than many more reputable business sectors. I
f crime threatens to disappear, it is reinvented by those with a vested interest in anxiety: the police, politicians, planners, the building materials, security and insurance industries, but also artists, authors, and academics like myself whom have made 
this field of production the focal point of their \lquote research project\rquote .  
\par Building on Marx\rquote s thesis, I venture to assert that, on the basis of a meticulously compiled chain of indicators, an alternative history of architecture could be written. The Panopticon
, which according to Michel Foucault embodies the guiding principle of the surveillance society, is one of the most powerful substantiations for Marx\rquote s thesis \endash  one of many, incidentally.
\par 
\par The architecture of fear
\par In addition to protection against the elements, the issue of housing has always been strongly dictated by fear of crime; it has been a driving force behind the building industry throughout history. Even though the objective danger \endash 
 at least from our Eurocentric point of view \endash  of falling prey to a crime whereby life and limb are put at stake has decreased with the forward march of \lquote civilization\rquote 
 and the simultaneously growing monopolization of violence by the state, people\rquote s sense of insecurity has nevertheless increased. It is not only the police
 and the security industry who profit from this, but also architects, town planners and landscape architects.}{\strike\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818\charrsid10110818 
 And because the debate about fear is also being conducted by feminist planners, women, too, are finally managing to capture public attention, as well as a modest share of the market.}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 
\par There are two opposing preventive strategies competing against each other in the market. Luckily, neither of them is financially viable or politically feasible in their pure form. The first strategy is aimed at \lquote reinforcing\rquote 
 buildings as much as is technically possible in order to isolate individuals or groups with similar interests from the dangers lurking outside. All passages from outside to inside are monitored by surveillance cameras and security personnel; reinforc
ed concrete and bulletproof glass are deployed. This is the model of a city composed of bunker architecture, the inside is patrolled by private and the outside by public security services. 
\par In the second \endash  democratic and \lquote feminist\rquote  \endash  strategy, each individ
ual is seen as a possible threat who must be prevented from breaking the prevailing rules by being rendered visible. This passive surveillance entails the absolute transparency of every nook and cranny, the elimination }{
\b\cf6\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 of}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818  all possible hiding places, the il
lumination of the entire urban area, including the underground domain of basements, car parks, metro and so on. This utopian model of the \lquote safe\rquote 
 city is constructed of glass and light, and the surveillance task is taken on by the entire population.
\par In the 
US and Great Britain, where political developments have resulted in a keener fear of crime and politically motivated attacks than in countries like the Netherlands, Germany and Austria, crime prevention in the construction industry already has a long hist
ory as a field of academic research and as a design practice: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a counter-strategy to traditional protective architecture. It is based on research done by Jane Jacobs (1961) and Oscar Newman (1973).}{
\lang2057\langfe1031\super\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 2}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 
\par In addition to access control and the presence of the police, this strategy uses social control (Jacobs) to establish a \lquote defensible space\rquote  (Newman). CPTED\rquote s key terms are }{\b\i\cf6\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 
territoriality}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 , small manageable units, }{\b\i\cf6\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 surveillance}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 , a view of the entire area, }{
\b\i\cf6\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 image}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 , improvement of the streetscape to encourage stronger identification with the neighbourhood, }{
\b\i\cf6\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 environment}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 , and }{\b\i\cf6\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 communities of interest}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 
: the users\rquote  occupation of the space and their identification with their surroundings means that unfamiliar intruders are i
mmediately recognized as such. The only way to establish such close-knit communities, according to the American conception of culture, is occupation by like-minded residents.}{\lang2057\langfe1031\super\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 3}{
\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818  Accordingly, the debate about security gave rise to a criminological argument that supports New Urbanism and regards gated communities as the securest form of habitation.
\par In America and Canada the police collaborate actively with neighbourhood associations and estate agents. Selected citizens are trained as neighbourhood watchpersons 
and police informants; estate agents are recruited as mobile control units: their mobility in the city, their unimpeachable access to properties and their knowledge of residents and homes are put to good use.}{
\lang2057\langfe1031\super\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 4}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818  In some cases, such as in Peel (Ontario), the police not only give advice via the Internet, but also intervene at the level of urban planning.}{
\lang2057\langfe1031\super\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 5}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 
\par }\pard\plain \s61\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10110818 \lang1033\langfe1031\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1031 {\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10110818 \lang1033\langfe1031\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1031 {\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 
Categorization of the production factor }{\b\cf6\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 (of the productive forces)}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 
\par Preventive measures can be subdivided into two groups: measures against enemies from outsi
de (burglars, foreign army units at the city gates, migrants at the external borders of the EU), and measures against enemies from within: family members (long a social taboo), co-workers, demonstrators, \lquote dangerous\rquote 
 classes. Against external enemies, access surveillance and fortifications are deployed. Against the enemy within, disciplining architecture and \lquote spaces of control\rquote 
 are built, like the great boulevards that were also conceived with a strategic military objective in mind, namely, to be able to mobilize soldiers quickly or}{\cf6\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818  }{
\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 to isolate the city centre or seat of government efficiently in case of riots.
\par Jean Baudrillard elaborated this distinction in a metaphorical genealogy of enmities: walls protect against the wolf that attacks from outside, hygieni
c measures help against rats beneath the ground, but against the beetle, which can operate in three dimensions, very little can be done. Viruses represent the ultimate stage of malevolence; they nestle in the very heart of the system. 
\par Apart from the distinction between the inside and the outside, the categories S, M, L, and XL, introduced by Rem Koolhaas, can also be invoked here, where they refer }{\i\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 not}{
\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818  to the magnitude of the crime itself, but to the scale of the object targeted by the crime:
\par S(mall): the evolution of security technology as in the historically productive rivalry between locksmiths and the guild of burglars. Alarm installations and camera surveillance also belong to this category, even though the latter }{
\b\cf6\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 (they)}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818  can inflate the scope of the category since despite the miniaturization of their components, these systems can grow into immense networks.
\par M(edium): the safeguarding of medium sized objects, as in the real and figurative safeguarding of ordinary homes, and access control in gated communi
ties. (The metaphor of paradise, used to sell such places is equally open to criticism, because protection goes hand-in-hand with strict rules of conduct.)
\par L(arge): the fortification of larger complexes by means of analogue or computer-controlled access monitoring, military or intelligent \lquote expulsion\rquote  techniques in residential blocks, office buildings (}{
\b\cf6\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 office towers}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 ), shopping malls and urban entertainment centres.
\par XL(large): town planning and state architecture; the mili
tary-strategic layout of cities, colonies as laboratories of modernity, the illumination of the city, historical and contemporary improvement strategies in so-called problem areas of the city (gentrification); the complex security demands of international
 airports that are geographically located in the middle of the country, but juridically on the }{\b\cf6\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 (it\rquote s) }{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 external borders.
\par }\pard\plain \s61\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10110818 \lang1033\langfe1031\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1031 {\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10110818 \lang1033\langfe1031\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1031 {\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 Paradigm shift with regard to control

\par The increasing privatization of once public spaces and their economic utilization have lead to the
 segmentation of the territory and its control. Individuals, too, are increasingly confronted with the fragmentation of their own identity. Social status changes according to the social sub-segments in which they circulate. Collage families and collage in
comes characterize existence in a deregulated society.
\par At the same time, according to the German criminologists Michael Lindenberg and Henning Schmidt-Semisch, there is a tendency in Western countries to exchange generalized, consensus-based value judgements for those }{
\cf6\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 of}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 
 numerous subcultures. What was previously regarded with suspicion as eccentric or over the top and sometimes even punished as transgression, is currently, where possible, marketed as a leisure trend for high-income groups. It is difficult no
wadays for law enforcement officers to ascertain whether or not a 45-year-old martially clad Harley Davidson motor-cyclist is a member of a gang or simply a highly-paid entrepreneur dressed in leisure clothing, or perhaps both. Like corporate marketing co
ncepts, the conduct of the law enforcement officers is being reorganized: \lquote The state responds to the disappearance of a universal morality with a \ldblquote de-moralization\rdblquote 
 of control. Ideas such as resocialization, improvement and treatment lose their significance and are replaced by the \ldblquote morally-aloof\rdblquote  technocratic concept of security\rquote .}{\lang2057\langfe1031\super\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 6}{
\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 
\par \lquote The society of control loosens its moral grip on the individual, not in order to provide them with unlimited freedom, but to subject them to another mode of control that is more spatial-situational.\rquote 
 Individuals no longer pass through the major control milieus in a purely chronological sequence as part of their biography \endash  first as child in their own family, then at school, at university, in the army, the factory, the hospital and 
so on, as described by Michel Foucault \endash  instead they switch daily between the various control milieus.
\par \lquote The all-pervasive and ever more technologically mediated surveillance touches upon the interest of every owner of a space in a strictly instrumental way. Foucault\rquote 
s image of society as an all-pervasive prison network has been replaced by the more contemporary image of a beehive divided into a variety of spaces of control belonging to different private governments: \ldblquote You are allowed to do as you please, bu
t do it in the allocated space and in the intended manner \endash  that guarantees your safety vis \u224\'e0 vis us and our safety vis \u224\'e0 vis you.\rdblquote  The state is no longer the guardian of morality,\rquote 
 as Lindenberg and Schmidt-Semisch write, \lquote only the penetrable spatial boundaries are still patrolled by the state\rquote s guards.\rquote  
\par The new forms of control have not supplanted the old forms of disciplining, but have made them more refined, more flexible, cheaper and as a result, more comprehensive.
\par 
\par The task of the police in the risk society
\par According to the traditional notion of police work as formed by the media, the policeman \lquote hunts\rquote  down the criminal and provides the judicial system with evidence that will lead to the criminal\rquote 
s conviction. It is no longer that simple. Today, poli
ce know-how no longer serves only the law or crime statistics, but also a system of fragmented institutions that are simultaneously part of all sorts of networks. Information is not only exchanged among the police forces of different countries but, accord
i
ng to criminologist Richard Ericson, is also requested by other government institutions and private companies; by social, educational and financial institutions; by the health care services, crime prevention bodies and sick leave administrators, by the in
surance industry to enable them to estimate risks, by suppliers of security apparatus to market their products, by personnel departments to check up on applicants.}{\lang2057\langfe1031\super\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 7}{
\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 
\par All the relevant information is gathered, all the risk factors are identified, ordered and m
anaged and the risks uncovered by the insurance companies are converted into institutional norms applicable to all. The paradoxical logic is that this ever-increasing knowledge generates ever-increasing risks that lead to ever more powerful measures. At t
he end of the day, fear proves itself. 
\par To compensate the limitation of traditional police powers, new images of the enemy are conjured up: organized crime, the criminality of foreigners and young people\rquote s increasing readiness to resort to violence. The mos
t effective image of the enemy, however, is that of international terrorism: }{\cf6\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 (}{\b\cf6\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 long before september 11)}{
\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818  the attacks on the World Trade Centre in New York in 1993, on the Oklahoma City Federal Building in 1995 and the massive car bomb attacks by the IRA in 
the centre of London in 1992 and 1996, have legitimized the expansion of the activities of the secret services. 
\par They have also raised the standards for both security technology and access control systems significantly. They have even generated a fast-grow
ing industry known as Business Continuity Services, with a specific building type of its own. These data backup centres, unlike the representative buildings of the companies themselves, are deliberately housed in inconspicuous camouflage architecture far 
from the urban centres so as not to be easily targeted during attacks and to be able to continue business without interruption in case of a catastrophe. Martin Pawley has called this \lquote parallel architecture\rquote .}{
\lang2057\langfe1031\super\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 8}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 
\par 
\par }{\cf6\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 Additional Headline: }{\b\cf6\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle (Human Remote Control)}{\cf6\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 Spatial-situational control methods are very popular in the workplace where employees\rquote 
 chip cards regulate the use of lifts and doors, record their working hours and make it possible to trace their movements inside the office. But 
it is not restricted to the workplace. During the day individuals increasingly find themselves in a continuum of different control milieus: they sleep in gated communities and shop and relax in equally secured shopping malls and urban entertainment centre
s. Even when on holiday, the so-called escape from daily routine, people prefer the security of an All Inclusive Club or computer-controlled ski centre }{\b\cf6\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 (ski resort)}{
\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818  consistent with their means. On holiday, individuals can get accustomed to being watched at 
all times. And by watching reality shows like Big Brother they can learn to adopt the viewpoint of an amused guard who is able to exclude undesirable types from the game via the Internet. While the Truman Show\rquote 
s hero was caught unwittingly and involuntarily in the artificial world of the entertainment industry, today nobody has to be }{\i\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 forced}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 
 to participate in such a game anymore \endash  on the contrary!
\par Unlike the safeguarding of military compounds, financial consultancy firms, international airports or the reside
ntial enclaves of the super rich, the access controls of the various everyday milieus are regulated by economic means. Although everybody understands the codes that indicate to which milieu each person belongs \endash 
 business class versus economy class, Prada versus H&M, Hollywood Hills versus Working Class District \endash 
 not everyone is willing to give up their right to freedom of movement. Even though it suits most people to stick to self-determined or allocated boundaries, for many others the kick of city life co
nsists in transgressing the limits and occupying prohibited space.
\par Where informal boundaries are being transgressed, but physical barriers are deemed undesirable, as in shopping centres, continuous video surveillance helps to identify \lquote undesirable subjects\rquote 
.. However, the individuals concerned will of course always develop}{\b\cf6\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 (s)}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 
 tactics to evade the criteria of exclusion: impoverished American senior citizens wanting to spend their afternoons in expensive shopping malls among other people disguise themselves as affluent customers by carrying empty shopping bags.
\par The use of physical violence by the security service is no longer the only method relied upon to expel undesirable elements. The German railways (Deutsche Bahn) has incorporated the latest strategies for expulsion in their new publicity campaign: }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 Service, Sicherheit, Sauberkeit}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 . In their stations, transformed into }{\i\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 Profitcentres}{
\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818  in the wake of privatization, a video clip lauds the round-the-clock video surveillance intended to guarantee the safety of all.
 At the same time, security headquarters regularly sends out squads of patrolling cleaners to pursue \lquote undesirable\rquote 
 persons through the station precinct, repeatedly disturbing them in their various stopping places with incessant cleaning until they finally 
give up and leave the station. Occasionally, the task of expelling unwelcome visitors is taken over by the building services: apart from the special \lquote black light\rquote 
 bulbs installed in the toilets to prevent junkies from being able to distinguish their own ve
ins on their blue-white skin, the floors are also uncomfortably cooled (instead of heated) or the humidity levels are raised to make inappropriate lingering by the homeless, for example, unbearable.
\par In the newest German shopping centres, the air-conditioni
ng can be manipulated to create a strong draught or a cold wind to chase away undesirable persons who have not come to shop but to get warm. Another strategy is to replace the soothing muzak, which is designed to stimulate consumption and to suggest convi
v
iality, safety and enjoyment, with unendurable music in those places where undesirables linger, until they vacate the ear-torturing area (usually within a few minutes). According to German experts, Austrian folk music is particularly well suited for this 
purpose; }{\b\cf6\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 for example, \lquote Du ich mag Dich\rquote 
 by Hansi Hinterseer (this can be left in the english version, because I guess no english speaking person knows this former slalom ski star from Kitzb\u252\'fchel, who became a musician who only sings super romantic love songs
 in german, except ther would be a footnote, maybe this biographical hint should be added to the dutch version as a footnote as well!).}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818  In the US the same tactic \endash 
 using classical music in this instance \endash  was used to keep a youth gang out of a certain neig
hbourhood. However, after a couple of days, the music so irritated one of the residents supposedly being protected by it, that he smashed the sound installation to smithereens. What would Karl Marx have made of that?
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 
\par }{\lang1031\langfe1031\langnp1031\insrsid10110818 Notes
\par 1. Karl Marx, \lquote Theorien \u252\'fcber der Mehrwert\rquote  erster Teil, in: }{\i\lang1031\langfe1031\langnp1031\insrsid10110818 Karl Marx u. Friedrich Engels, Werke}{\lang1031\langfe1031\langnp1031\insrsid10110818 , Vol 26.1, Berlin 1985, p. 363.

\par }{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 2. Jane Jacobs, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 The Death and Life of Great American Cities}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 , London 1961; Oscar Newman, }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 Defensible Space. People and Design in the Violent City}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 , New York 1972.
 Newman is known in the Netherlands on account of his advice on how to deal with insecurity in the Bijlmer housing estate in Amsterdam.
\par 3. Barry Poyner, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 Design against Crime. Beyond Defensible Space}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 , London 1983.
\par 4. Richard Ericson and Kevin Haggerty, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 Policing the Risk Society}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 , Oxford/New York 1997.
\par 5. The home page of the Peel Regional Police in Ontario, Canada is illustrative of the way the police operate nowadays: the population is involved as much as possible in so-called Community Policing programmes. See: }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {
\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818  HYPERLINK http://www.peelpolice.on.ca/prevention/cpfact.htm}{\insrsid10110818 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007000650065006c0070006f006c006900630065002e006f006e002e00630061002f00700072006500760065006e00740069006f006e002f0063007000
66006100630074002e00680074006d00000000}}}{\fldrslt {\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 www.peelpolice.on.ca/prevention/cpfact.htm}}}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 
\par }{\lang1031\langfe1031\langnp1031\insrsid10110818 6. Michael Lindenberg and Henning Schmidt-Semisch, \lquote Sanktionsverzicht statt Herrschaftsverlust. Vom \u220\'dcbergang in die Kontrollgesellschaft\rquote , in: }{
\i\lang1031\langfe1031\langnp1031\insrsid10110818 Kriminologisches Journal}{\lang1031\langfe1031\langnp1031\insrsid10110818 , Vol. 1/1995, pp. 2-17.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 7. This is legally sanctioned in the US and Canada; there are similar tendencies in central European countries. Richard Ericson and Kevin Haggerty, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 
Policing the Risk Society}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 , Oxford 1997.
\par 8. Martin Pawley, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 Terminal Architecture}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 , London 1998.{\*\bkmkstart QuickMark_1}{\*\bkmkend QuickMark_1}
\par }{\b\cf6\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 9. Hansi Hinterseer is \u8230\'85 see above
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 
\par 
\par Michael Zinganel, artist, curator and writer, currently teaches architecture at Graz University of Technology in Austria. His artistic and theoretical work focuses on the deconstruction of the mythologies of planning processes. His forthcoming book, }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 Real}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 Crime. Architektur und Verbrechen}{\lang2057\langfe1031\langnp2057\insrsid10110818 
, will be published later this year by Edition Selene, Vienna.
\par }}